When I started working out, I had a personal music player the size of a dachshund for exercise motivation. I filled it with Rush and Joe Satriani mix tapes to enhance my workouts. Technology has come a long way since then.

Now I use an iPod Shuffle, which is preferred among fitness folks for its diminutive size, even if it does have a robustness issue when it comes to a little sweat.

One night I recall waking up at 3 a.m., as if from a bad dream, my consciousness shrieking: The battery in my iPod is dead, and I have an early bike ride planned! I had to get up and plug in the thing in order to get back to sleep.

I am a music junkie when it comes to working out, and I’m far from the only one. I know many people who, if their music player is dead, lose their motivation to exercise. They’re dependent. Science explains why.

In 2005, British researchers put 18 untrained men and women on stationary bikes and told them to go for it. One group got no music, one got motivational, get-your-butt-in-gear-type music, and the third group was given Enya. (I mean I assume it was Enya. The researchers called it "nonmotivational.")

Published in the European Journal of Sport Science, they found the music listeners blew away the control group (which had no music), and the tuned-in subjects traveled significantly further in distance. What’s interesting is "no significant differences were observed" between the slow- and fast-music groups. Even more interesting is that though music listeners were working a lot harder, they did not perceive an increased level of effort.

James Annesi, who is director of wellness advancement at YMCA Metropolitan Atlanta, has been a pioneer of research into how distractions such as music affect athletic performance. We discussed his 2001 study published in the Canadian Journal of Behavioral Science that compared use of music with television on treadmills.

"We allowed people to use a wide selection of music channels versus television channels," Annesi told me. "Almost exclusively, people chose the TV over music." Personally, I’ve noticed the treadmills with the TV screens on them are always the most popular. When it comes to going outside, however, it’s hard to catch up on "Days of Our Lives" while running or cycling. You kind of need to keep an eye on where you’re going.

Annesi explained that music, television, chatting with a friend or traveling through a scenic vista are all methods of dissociation. "It’s all about removing discomfort," he said. "Pain has been engineered out of our culture. In agrarian times we had to exercise or die, but now we need to find ways to manipulate conditions to get people to exercise." Dissociation via music is about making us not think about the pain we’re in.

Annesi did another study in 2004 of 39 women enrolled in a beginner weightlifting program. The group told to "associate," meaning to focus and embrace the pain, had the highest dropout rates. Those told to dissociate, to let their minds wander, had the highest adherence rates.

For those who need the motivational kick to distract from the pain, music or other distractions can be of great benefit and get them to train harder. But for more elite exercisers, music may interfere.

"Elite athletes are associators," Jack Raglin, a professor and sport psychologist at Indiana University, told me. "When they’re just logging the miles in training, they can listen to music, and a lot of them do, but for the really intense efforts you have to pay close attention to your body. Music will absolutely interfere with this."

I ran a 10K race with an iPod in 2008. I’d planned out a specific rockin’ playlist and everything. I felt the distraction held me back from a full effort. The next 10K race I ditched the music and chopped four minutes off my time. Now I never listen to music when racing.

There may be other reasons to listen to music, like if your gym plays lots of Nickelback. I also have a suspicion that there are female weightlifters who wear headphones to deter would-be suitors from approaching them, and when I posted this question on Facebook I received numerous confirmations.

"Men are less likely to come up and talk to me when I’m listening to music," said Jessica Morse, a 32-year-old government worker in Ottawa.

Morse, who is also a fitness competitor in the "bikini class," explained her motivation. "We have some creepers at my gym, and it’s awkward. I use music as a deterrent."

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I’m a dinosaur, and you probably think I have terrible taste in music. I don’t care.

The research shows even slow music can motivate as well as fast-paced music, and I often notice little to no difference between soft "Ooh, baby" songs and stuff at the let’s-wreck-this-house end of the spectrum.

Still, I was recently trying to psyche myself for a run in hideous below-zero weather, and I kept skipping through songs from the comfort of my home until I found "The Spirit of Radio" by Rush. Then I was out the door and going hard.

MUSIC FOR RUNNING AND CYCLING

I can listen to anything from Sarah McLachlan to Metallica. However, if I’m coming to a big hill and feel motivation waning, I may skip past a slow song to find something with a faster beat to push me up that hill. Songs I like for that include:

"Limelight" by Rush (I once interviewed the drummer about his fitness regimen for this column)

"Kashmir" by Led Zeppelin

"Shake it Out" by Florence and the Machine

"Month of May" by Arcade Fire

"Weapon" by Matthew Good

"Panama" by Van Halen

"Train in Vain" by The Clash

"Dark Night of the Soul" by Loreena McKennitt

"Gimme Shelter" by The Rolling Stones

"Pride" by U2

MUSIC FOR WEIGHTLIFTING

Since I have a home gym with a stereo that has T-Rex-sized speakers, I crank it loud. Usually with lots of Rush to accompany the Rush poster on the wall. Because it’s Rush.

However, I sometimes like to sing in between sets, so I pick songs like these for that:

"Go Your Own Way" by Fleetwood Mac

"Saturday Night’s Alright for Fighting" by Elton John

"Layla" by Eric Clapton (Derek and the Dominoes)

"Take it Easy" by The Eagles

"I Just Came Back (to Say Goodbye)" by Colin James